A Vision for Greater Circularity for Fit-Outs and Interiors

Katherine Adams • 27 October 2025

We spend 80-90% of our time indoors, and the workplaces, leisure spaces and retail outlets we use are of fundamental importance to our lives, our health, wellbeing and our economy. However the market that supports the creation and management of interior spaces is highly wasteful and carbon heavy. 


Fit-out alone is thought to be responsible for 300 tonnes of waste going to landfill per day in the UK. Much of this waste is arising from the strip-out phase, with many products and materials being fit for reuse or high-value recycling but typically sent to low-grade recycling or energy from waste routes, rather than retaining their inherent value.

Overbury’s “Counting the Upfront Carbon in Cat B Office Fit-Out Report” (2024) estimates the average upfront carbon performance level of Cat B office fit-out as 190kg CO2e/m2 GIA. Overbury uses LETI (Low Energy Transformation Initiative) Band D carbon targets for offices as a comparison at 775kg CO2e/m2 GIA for shell and core. 

 

It’s a startling fact to consider that a Cat B fit-out can quickly produce a  higher cumulative carbon than the original building, if its fitted out more than 5 times in its lifetime.  

 

There are particular aspects and practices associated with both CAT A and CAT B fit-outs that will amplify the production of waste. In some CAT A buildings, tenants will simply want to remove items that the landlord or developer has included without even being used, and that removal is often done quickly and at a high environmental cost (i.e. zero reuse and often very little recycling). Landlords might also do a CAT A+ fit-out, whereby parts of a building (say a single floor of a building) are fitted out more akin to a CAT B standard, and then again those items are removed and wasted when the tenant moves in. This can, on some occasions, lead to the complete waste of brand new or unused materials and products.   

 

In a perfect world, reuse would be synonymous with fit-out, and reuse would be the first choice for all product selection with spaces being designed to ensure products are reused over and over again. However we don’t live in a perfect world and we are still a long way from this. 

 

But what is needed to scale this and make reuse the first choice in all fit-out projects? The responsibilities and actions lie with all of us involved in the manufacture and supply of products, design of spaces, fitting out spaces, and who own, manage and occupy these spaces. Responsibilities also lie with those that hold the levers to drive action - local and national governments, planning authorities and investors, with an environmental imperative to act. So what can we do? 

 

Here’s an eight-point plan for setting us off on the road to making fit-outs and interiors more circular: 

 

  • Clients and design teams need to play a bigger role: Put simply, if the client asks for reuse, it will happen. This needs to be made clear in project briefs and contracts with a greater understanding of any potential increases in time and resource (and cost) for careful disassembly. The cost of reuse needs to be better understood, this includes the trade-offs for any careful disassembly, testing, storage and logistics. Designers need to be inventive and open-minded, using a reclamation design and inventory-led approach. Not everything needs to look the same; smaller spaces and zones can be designed with different reused materials such as boardrooms, break out areas etc. Confidence in the use of these materials, particularly where there are strong aesthetic demands needs to be clearly demonstrated. A second-hand item can and should be a well-loved item and not seen as inferior to new. 

 

  • We need to rethink warranties: Are warranties always needed? And for how long? How often do companies claim against warranties for interior products? Flexibility is needed as well as models that provide these warranties for reused products ensuring that they meet performance criteria. This may mean the development of protocols for testing and assurance. 

 

  • More material passporting: Providing information which lives with the product i.e. product passports will aid future reuse, reduce uncertainties and the time it can take to find out this information. This should be a given with all interior products placed on the market. Moreover, this information needs to be maintained and accessible – for this to happen the value of the information needs to be communicated. 

 

  • Rethink the business model: Leasing of items to match the lease of the fit-out, should be a viable model. Leases can be as short as 1 year in some cases – there is plenty of life left in many products; and manufacturers/suppliers can save money and resources by leasing these products again and again and not manufacturing new every time. Moreover, spaces should be designed with the next lease (lifecycle) in mind. 

 

  • Understand the real costs of reuse: The cost of reuse needs to be better understood especially in comparison with new products over more than one lifecycle and linked to carbon pricing. Building owners and tenants should have a good appreciation of the financial and carbon value of their products. 



Circular Economy Week 2025 – Making it Happen


Our theme for this year for ReLondon’s Circular Economy Week 2025 was ‘Making it Happen’, how we address the circularity and reuse challenges for the interiors sector. We hosted an online webinar on the subject of making fit-outs and interiors more circular.


Introduced by our Katherine Adams, we heard from an excellent group of speakers. Elina Grigoriou, of Grigoriou Interiors, described the latest update to the SKA rating scheme which provides a framework to drive the sustainability and circularity of fit-out projects. Ray Molony spoke about the End Cat A Lighting Waste campaign and Recolight reuse scheme for the lighting industry.


James Ivin of Overbury provided a contractor’s perspective on the practical realities of reuse, and what is needed to make this happen at greater scale.


You can download a copy of the speaker presentations from the event here



  • Manufacturers need to step up: Manufacturers need to be making ‘circular’ products. This is not only through the sourcing of renewable, reused and recycled raw materials and designing for end of life but also includes being able to reuse and recycle these products in the future. How different components can be separated from each other is a key consideration. Ban materials that can’t be reused! Should fit-out products be allowed on to the marketplace if they are not reusable and/or recyclable? Manufacturers can take more responsibility for their products when they reach the end of their first life. However, this is not always easy - manufacturers need to have a better understanding of what happens to their products when they are removed from buildings.


  • Use new technology: Utilising technology for the visualisation of space may help with the reduction of waste from removing items from a CAT A where the tenant wants changes. Technology is developing rapidly when it comes to scanning buildings and identifying products. 

 

  • Share, share and share!: We need to share the good news stories – this provides confidence that reuse and circularity can work; but we can also sometimes learn from why it did not work, we should equally share these findings. While it would be nice to do everything on every project this is not feasible. It is important to start with the quick wins, provide confidence to the project team and make this business as usual. 


We’re not suggesting any of this is easy or it will all happen tomorrow. We have some resources that will help you and we are always happy to discuss any opportunities and share our experience.


Reusefully partnered with Milliken earlier this year to produce a white paper on circularity and reuse for fit-outs and interiors. You can download a free copy here.


We are also launching a new collaboration ‘Circular Works’ with Lumybel, Urban

Miners and Blackstone Strip-Out to provide an end-to-end fit-out service with the

focus on maximising circularity and reuse in live construction projects. Contact us for more information and for an informal chat.

Finally, below are some useful links and useful sources of related information:


by Gillian Hobbs 21 November 2025
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by Simon Guy 13 November 2025
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Part of driving the transition to a circular economy is highlighting the truth about the effect that we’re having on the environment, the challenges we are facing, and the issues that need to be addressed. Reusefully's Zoe Culverhouse reflects on some of the learning from the recent ASBP Reuse Summit, and the need to focus on the positives we are starting to see. For most of us, and certainly for those of us who attended the ASBP Reuse Summit, the scary truths are enough to make us change our ways and work to find solutions. It is also true however, that for some having access to this information is not enough to spur them to create change. So, the question I’m sure we all want answered is, what will? Leading by example, highlighting the benefits, sharing successes, and proving possibilities were key themes and drivers discussed throughout many of the talks. There are lots of positive things happening in the world of circularity and sustainability; global risks for climate change are being recognised, there has been growth is renewables, embodied carbon legislation is improving, we are seeing successful reuse of numerous materials and products, and The International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued an advisory opinion that climate inaction can be a breach of international law, to name a short few. Potentially one of the most exciting things to see is that there is so much innovation in this space, many of the speakers spoke about the idea of ‘possibilism’ and these innovative projects are showcasing just that. At Euston Tower, Arup and 3XN GXN are extracting panels of the concrete floor for reuse in another structure. At the Brunswick Centre Hub, Heyne Tillett Steel are jacking and lowering floor slabs to increase floor to ceiling heights, and at Resource Rows, Lendager cut out and reassembled old cement-mortar brick facades into new facade modules. Reusefully were involved with one of these projects, proving the initial pre-demolition audit for Euston Tower. Unfortunately, I don’t have an answer to our question of what will drive change, but I can share with you some of the topics shared at the ASBP Reuse Summit. Salvatore Gangemi and Ivo Kolchev, sustainability managers at McLaren, spoke about some of the risks of inaction around sustainability and circularity that organisations may be facing now and in the future. These include regulatory, reputational, and operational risks and may be key drivers for those who I fear will otherwise make no attempt at change. Though risk is a big driver it is not ideal to force people into change, so how do we make them want to? Many of the speakers shared ways in which we might do so; we need to get them involved, we can challenge norms around procurement and business as usual, lead by example and share our successes and possibilities, share the benefits (like winning awards, professional pride, and faster planning processes), and one of my favourite suggestions, we can trick them! Well not really, but this idea stemmed from discussion around renaming reuse and shifting terminology to change perception, dubbed ‘sneaky reuse’. Some suggestions included renaming reused materials as ‘carbon free materials’, ‘pre-loved’, or ‘extended life products’. A great example of success is Durley Chine Environmental Hub, designed by Footprint Architects. It is an amazing building that has the power to get people excited about reuse. When Philip O’Leary, Director at Filros Timber Consultancy and Board Member of Woodknowlege Wales, shared this case study with the group you could hear the amazement at its beauty. Some may be surprised to know that it is partially constructed and clad with reclaimed timber. You may not think you’re interested in ‘timber reuse’ but I have no doubt that this building interests you, the reuse of the reclaimed timber alongside other sustainable elements don’t just make it beautiful, they give it a story. It is now an exemplar and award-winning building for sustainability. Though it may sometimes feel like it, most people aren’t actively trying to push against circularity and reuse. Ben Holmes Associate Director & Head of Sustainability at Elliott Wood, spoke about how giving people the tools to succeed is key. His implementation toolkit shows us that to be successful project teams need, capability, motivation, and opportunity. Capability can be built by providing tools that can be used to reduce the information gap. Opportunity can be created by processes such as getting an audit done as early as possible and following up through the project. Motivation can be sustained through storytelling, gamification, workshops and competitions. So, my main takeaways from this event are, to focus on the positives and the successes we have already seen, share the bright and beautiful side of reuse, remember to stay excited about progress and innovation, and base your world view around what is possible. Some further reading and information: Euston Tower , Arup and 3XN GXN Heyne Tillet Steel Lendager’s Resource Rows Durley Chine Environmental Hub , Footprint Architects ASBP’s Reuse Now campaign You can connect with Zoe Culverhouse on LinkedIn
by Simon Guy 18 June 2025
A pioneering scheme to create a pathway to net zero carbon emissions for a North Yorkshire industrial estate is providing a viable model for decarbonisation in rural industrial estates. The Decarbonising Dalton project was supported with funding from Innovate UK and match funded by Dalton Business Partners, carried out a 12-month feasibility study at Dalton Industrial Estate near Thirsk. The study examined emissions associated with power, heat, transport and the circular economy, developing strategies to reduce them effectively. The study provided individual assessments for each business on the estate, resulting in a tailored action plans to achieve net zero while minimising the need for carbon offsetting. The initiative was delivered in five key phases: business needs assessments, quick-win reductions, shared onsite opportunities, offsite interventions, and collation and knowledge sharing.  Following the circular economy work package undertaken by Reusefully (which focused on the individual business’ material procurement needs) the Dalton Industrial Estate Exploitation Plan highlights that in 2026 partners should promote industry symbiosis across the estate. The Plan highlights how businesses can collaborate to agree on common material requirements, enabling them to share resources more efficiently. By aligning their procurement strategies and identifying opportunities for material reuse, businesses can significantly reduce waste and reliance on external suppliers. This cooperative approach would not only enhance sustainability but also create a more resilient and interconnected industrial ecosystem, driving further progress towards the Estate’s decarbonisation goals.
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Black Swan is a 191,000 sq. ft warehouse and office space owned by Aviva Investors, which is currently undergoing refurbishment including the removal of internal finishes such as carpet tiles and ceiling tiles, some internal doors, lighting and MEP equipment, the large 3 storey mezzanine, and warehouse racking.
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